THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INCREASED INCIDENCE OF INFECTIOUS AND CONTAGIOUS BACTERIAL DISEASES AND COVID-19 PANDEMIC: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Carolina de Marqui MILANI, Rafaela do Nascimento THOMÉ, Alexandre Dantas GIMENES, Flavio Augusto NAOUM

Resumen


Introduction:   Infectious and contagious bacterial diseases are the main cause of mobility and mortality worldwide and are related to pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influezae, and Neisseria meningitidis reside in healthy people upper respiratory tract, and it’s transmitted by direct contact, by respiratory ways. Substantial increase in hospitalizations, the absence off systemized protocol for appropriate attendance, the lack of diagnosis tests and indiscriminate use of antimycobacterial in hospitals during the sanitary emergency, specially broad-spectrum antibiotics, culminated in substantial increase on COVID-19 secondary infection cases by multiresistant bacteria.

Aims and Objectives: To understand the relation between the increase of bacterial infectious and contagious diseases and the pandemic scenario, identify most frequent infectious diseases, their transmission patterns and control and predict what will be the consequences of this new pathological scenario in the future.

Methods: Systematic Literature Review using Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane Library and BVS (Biblioteca virtual em saúde) database.

The following terms, their synonyms and combinations were used in this study.: “communicable”, “bacterial”, “diseases”, “AND” “COVID-19". The quality of the articles was evaluated using the Quality Assessment Tool from the Department of Health and Human Services (NHLBI).

Results: 258 references were found during electronic research, 9 (nine) of them being eligible and included in this study. In 100% of studied articles (nine) were observed indiscriminate use of antibiotics during the study period. In most articles, were observed increase on the incidence of multidrug resistant bacterial infections. Four of the isolated bacteria were more expressive: K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp., S. aureus e E. coli. Importance of vigilance and potential increase in multidrug resistant bacterial infection incidence in COVID-19 pandemic era, related to antibiotic general usage increasement were recognized.

Conclusion: Indiscriminate antimicrobial prescription during pandemic period related to bacterial resistance increasement justify contagious respiratory infection increasement. The concern about bacterial resistance related to excessive antibiotic usage in this period and indication to alternative treatments that replaces first choices is emphasized. Surveillance protocols are highlighted.

Keyword: Communicable; bacterial; diseases; AND covid-19.

RESUMO

Introdução: As doenças bacterianas infecciosas e contagiosas são a principal causa de mobilidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo e estão relacionadas a patógenos como Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influezae e Neisseria meningitidis residem no trato respiratório superior de pessoas saudáveis, e são transmitidas por contato direto, por vias respiratórias. Aumento substancial de internações, ausência de protocolo sistematizado para atendimento adequado, falta de exames diagnósticos e uso indiscriminado de antimicobacteriano nos hospitais durante a emergência sanitária, especialmente antibióticos de amplo espectro, culminaram em aumento substancial de casos de infecção secundária por COVID-19 por multirresistentes bactérias.

Objetivos: Compreender a relação entre o aumento de doenças infecciosas e contagiosas bacterianas e o cenário pandêmico, identificar as doenças infecciosas mais frequentes, seus padrões de transmissão e controle e prever quais serão as consequências deste novo cenário patológico no futuro.

Métodos: Revisão Sistemática da Literatura utilizando Pubmed/Medline, Biblioteca Cochrane e base de dados BVS (Biblioteca virtual em saúde).

Os seguintes termos, seus sinônimos e combinações foram utilizados neste estudo.: “transmissível”, “bacteriano”, “doenças”, “AND”, “COVID-19”. A qualidade dos artigos foi avaliada por meio da Ferramenta de Avaliação de Qualidade da Departamento de Saúde e Serviços Humanos (NHLBI).

Resultados: foram encontradas 258 referências durante a pesquisa eletrônica, sendo 9 (nove) elegíveis e incluídas neste estudo. Em 100% dos artigos estudados (nove) foi observado uso indiscriminado de antibióticos no período estudado. Na maioria dos artigos, observou-se aumento na incidência de infecções bacterianas multirresistentes. Quatro das bactérias isoladas foram mais expressivas:K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp., S. aureus e E. coli. A importância da vigilância e o potencial aumento da incidência de infecção bacteriana multirresistente na era da pandemia de COVID-19, relacionados ao aumento do uso geral de antibióticos, foram reconhecidos.

Conclusão: A prescrição indiscriminada de antimicrobianos durante o período de pandemia relacionada ao aumento da resistência bacteriana justifica o aumento da infecção respiratória contagiosa. Ressalta-se a preocupação com a resistência bacteriana relacionada ao uso excessivo de antibióticos neste período e a indicação de tratamentos alternativos que substituam as primeiras escolhas. Os protocolos de vigilância são destacados.

Palavra-chave: Transmissível; bacteriana; doenças; covid - 19.


Palabras clave


Communicable; bacterial; diseases; AND covid-19.

Texto completo:

PDF (Português (Brasil))

Referencias


- WHO. Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Resource Centre. https://www.who.int/initiatives/glass/resource-centre.

- Tomczyk S, Taylor A, Brown A, Kraker M, El-Saed A, Alshamrani M, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surveillance, prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance: a global survey. J Antimicr Chemoth. 2021;76(11):3045-58.

- WHO. Global report on the epidemiology and burden of sepsis: current evidence, identifying gaps and future directions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

- Brueggemann AB, Rensburg MJ, Shaw D, McCarthy ND, Jolley KA, Maiden MCJ, et al. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data. Lancet Digit Health [Internet].2021;3(6):e360-e370. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00077-7 doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00077-7

- Fu P, Xu H, Jing C, Deng J, Wang H, Hua C, et al. Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Children Reported by the ISPED Program in China, 2016 to 2020. Microbi Spectr. 2021;9(3):e0028321. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.00283-21 doi: 10.1128/Spectrum.00283-21

- Kim YK, Choi YY, Lee H, Song ES, Ahn JG, Park SE, et al. Differential Impact of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on the Epidemiology of Invasive Bacterial Infections in Children During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Pediat Infect Dis J.2022;41(2):91-96.

- Connor E, Rasiah K, Hillock N. Utilisation of antimicrobials used to treat bacterial pneumonia in principal referral hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia, 2020. Commun Disea Intell [Internet]. 2022;46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2022.46.6 doi: 10.33321/cdi.2022.46.6

- Baiou A, Elbuzidi AA, Bakdach D, Zaqout A, Alarbi KM, Bintaher AA, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for the isolation of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from critically ill patients with COVID-19. J Hosp Infect. 2021; 110:165-171.

- Jamnani AN, Montazeri M, Mirzakhani M, Moosazadeh M, Haghighi M. Evaluation of Bacterial Coinfection and Antibiotic Resistance in Patients with COVID-19 UnderMe chanical Ventilation. SN Compr Clin Med [Internet]. 2022;4(1):19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-021-01114-9 doi: 10.1007/s42399-021-01114-9

- Vijay S, Bansal N, Rao BK, Veeraraghavan B, Rodrigues C, Wattal C, et al. Secondary Infections in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Indian Experience. Infect Drug Resist [Internet]. 2021; 14:1893-1903. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S299774 doi: 10.2147/IDR.S299774

National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute: Study Quality Assessment Tools, Bethesda: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2021

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6:e1000097, 2009

- Waldron CA, Thomas-Jones E, Bernatoniene J, Brookes-Howell L, Faust SN, Harris D, et al. Biomarker-guided duration of Antibiotic Treatment in Children Hospitalised with confirmed or suspected bacterial infection (BATCH): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2022;12(1):e047490. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047490 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047490

- Connor E, Rasiah K, Hillock N. Utilisation of antimicrobials used to treat bacterial pneumonia in principal referral hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia, 2020. Commun Disea Intell [Internet]. 2022;46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2022.46.6 doi: 10.33321/cdi.2022.46.6

- FUNDAÇÃO OSWALDO CRUZ. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca. Nota Técnica de agosto de 2020. Desabastecimento, uma questão de saúde pública global: sobram problemas, faltam medicamentos. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz/Ensp, 2020. 12 p.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21902/RevPercurso.2316-7521.v5i36.6111

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.


PERCURSO, e-ISSN: 2316-7521

Rua Chile, 1678, Rebouças, Curitiba/PR (Brasil). CEP 80.220-181

Licença Creative Commons

Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.