Envíe este artículo por correo electrónico 
Ocultar
Mostrar todos
VIOLÊNCIA SEXUAL EM CONFLITO ARMADO, COMO EXEMPLO DE CRIMES DO ISIS
Resumen
Objetivo: Este estudo visa analisar criticamente as complexidades legais que envolvem a violência sexual em zonas de conflito, com um enfoque específico no Iraque e na Síria, países que não são signatários do Estatuto de Roma do Tribunal Penal Internacional.
Método: Por meio de uma análise legal comparativa, o estudo examina a discrepância entre os crimes delineados no Estatuto de Roma e as leis domésticas do Iraque e da Síria, como o Código Penal Iraquiano de 1969. Investiga como essas disparidades afetam a acusação e a caracterização dos crimes de violência sexual cometidos em conflitos armados.
Resultados: Os achados destacam uma lacuna significativa no arcabouço legal, mostrando que as leis domésticas do Iraque e da Síria não criminalizam adequadamente atos de violência sexual conforme delineado no Estatuto de Roma. Esta lacuna legal representa desafios na persecução penal dos perpetradores e na entrega de justiça às vítimas. Além disso, o estudo revela as práticas atuais e limitações dentro do sistema judiciário iraquiano no tratamento desses crimes.
Contribuições: O estudo contribui para a compreensão dos desafios legais na persecução da violência sexual em zonas de conflito, especialmente em países não signatários do Estatuto de Roma. Oferece percepções sobre as reformas legais necessárias e a cooperação internacional para preencher a lacuna entre os padrões internacionais e as leis nacionais. A pesquisa também fornece recomendações valiosas para a adaptação dos sistemas judiciários a fim de abordar e penalizar de forma mais efetiva esses crimes hediondos, avançando assim a luta global contra a violência sexual em conflitos armados.
Palabras clave
Texto completo:
PDF (Português (Brasil))Referencias
Abdelkader, A.-B. (2007). International Criminal Justice (Punishment of Perpetrators of International Crimes). In Diwan of University Publications, Algeria (2nd editio). Diwan of University Publications, Algeria.
Adain, A. (2022). Contraindications to punishment In the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 as amended. Journal of College of Education, 47, 1.
Al-Abad, Z. A. M. (2016). The role of special international criminal tribunals in defining and punishing the crime of genocide. In Master Thesis, University of Middle East, Jordan. University of Middle East, Jordan.
Al-Tijani, Z. (2008). International Criminal Tribunals (Emergence and Prospects). Algerian Journal of Legal, Economic and Political Sciences, 4(4), 5–50.
Arsanjani, M. H. (1999). The Rome Statute of the international Criminal court. American Journal of International Law, 93(1), 22–43.
Bassiouni, M. C. (1997). Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. In International Criminal Law Conventions and their Penal Provisions (pp. 735–763). Brill Nijhoff.
Captured, S. V., & Controlled, A. (2017). ‘ Human Rights , Every Day , for All Iraqis ’ Promotion and Protection of Rights of Victims of Sexual Violence Captured by ISIL / or in Areas Controlled by ISIL in Iraq. August 2017.
Carter Center. (2015). Overview of Daesh’s Online Recruitment Propaganda Magazine, Dabiq. The Carter Center, December 2015, 1–13. https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/conflict_resolution/countering-isis/dabiq-report-12-17-15.pdf.
Council, T. S., & States, M. (2017). Security Council. 2379(September).
Evans, M. (2017). The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture in the developing architecture of UN torture protection. In The United Nations Special Procedures System (pp. 349–384). Brill Nijhoff.
Gaggioli, G. (2014). Sexual violence in armed conflicts: A violation of international humanitarian law and human rights law. International Review of the Red Cross, 96(894), 503–538.
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization.
Guimarães , J. C. F. D., Severo , E. A., & Dorion , E. C. H. (2022). Path to Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance Principles in Strategic Resource Management. Review of Sdgs in Emerging Countries, 4(00), e0026. https://doi.org/10.37497/2965-7393.SDGs-Countries.v4.n00.26
Houge, A. B. (2016). Conflict-related sexual violence: REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL. Women in War: Examples from Norway and Beyond, March, 71–86. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315546704-12.
Iraq, I. O. M. (2017). Integrated Location Assessment II–Part 1: Thematic Overview. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Le Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland.
Iraqi Local Government Law Library. (1969). Iraqi Penal Code (Law No. 111 of 1969).
Iraqi Supreme Criminal Court Law NO. 10 OF 2005 .
Ishraqiyeh, A. (2016). Classification of Armed Conflicts between the Adequacy of the Text and the Need for Amendment. The Conference Held at the University of Applied Sciences, Jordan,.
Jassim, I. A. S. (2020). “ Criminal responsibility for media crimes” Study in Iraqi law. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(7), 15293–15316.
Knox, J. H. (2017). Report of the special rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment: biodiversity report. United Nations Human Rights Council, A/HRC/34/49, Wake Forest Univ. Legal Studies Paper.
Lippman, M. (2017). The convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide: fifty years later. In Genocide and Human Rights (pp. 11–110). Routledge.
Madi, Q., Abd, M. M., & Khalil, N. A. H. (2018). Legal Description of ISIS Crimes. Al-Muhaqiq Al-Hilli Journal of Legal and Political Sciences, 10(1).
Manjoo, R., & McRaith, C. (2011). Gender-based violence and justice in conflict and post-conflict areas. Cornell Int’l LJ, 44, 11.
Melzer, N. (2017). Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Morsi, M. K. (2010). The crime of genocide in international criminal justice.
Nasira, M. (2013). Crmes of Sexual Violence against Women as a Crime against Humanity. In Abderrahmane Mira University, Bejaia. Abderrahmane Mira University.
Nations, U. (2015). Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. Women and the Economy: A Reader, 19563(November), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315698113-48.
Nations, U., & Mission, A. (2015). Report on the Protection of Civilians in the Armed Conflict in Iraq: 11 December 2014 – 30 April 2015. April.
Nations, U., Mission, A., Nations, U., Commissioner, H., & August, H. R. (2019). Human Rights Violations and Abuses in the Context of Demonstrations in Iraq. April.
Organisations, N., Law, Y. S., & State, I. (2021). Statement on the implementation of the Yazidi Survivors Law NGOs and experts raise concerns over requirement for survivors to file criminal complaints to receive reparation. March.
Prokhorova , Y. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 and War on Poverty: A Ukrainian and European Perspective. Review of Sdgs in Emerging Countries, 4(00), e0037. https://doi.org/10.37497/2965-7393.SDGs-Countries.v4.n00.37
Salem, S. H. (2010). Violence against women during armed conflict. Alrafidain of Law, 15(45), 258–317.
Scharf, M. P. (2008). Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. United Nations Audio-Visual Library of International Law, 1–6.
Shakti, S. S. (2007). Notes in the Iraqi anti-terrorism law No.(13) of the year (2005)-a critical analytical study. Alrafidain of Law, 12(34), 245–261.
Shraga, D., & Zacklin, R. (1994). The international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Eur. J. Int’l L., 5, 360.
Statute, I. (1993). Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
Survivors, F. Y., Article, A., Yazidi, T., Yazidi, T., Survivors, F. Y., & Affairs, S. (2021). Iraq Law No . 8 of 2021 - Yazidi Female Survivors Law. 8, 8–10.
Territory, O. P. (2018). Final Independent Project Evaluation of the Forensic Human Resource and Governance Development Assistance to the Palestinian Authority. December.
The Genocide Network, E. (2017). The prosecution at national level of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) committed by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Genocide Network Secretariat, July, 1–28.
(UNHC), O. O. T. U. N. H. C. F. H. R. (2016). A Call for Accountability and Protection: Yezidi Survivors of Atrocities Committed by ISIL. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq, August.
United New Book House, Beirut, L. (2003). International Criminal Law (International Sanctions) (1st editio). United New Book House, Beirut, Lebanon.
UnWomen. (2019). Gender Justice & Equality before the Law in the Arab States Region.https://arabstates.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field Office Arab States/Attachments/Publications/2020/01/Gender Justice Updated reports/Chart19Eng.pdf
Violence, G. (n.d.). STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR PREVENTION OF AND RESPONSE TO GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE In Central South Iraq. 1–67.
Wilson, R. J. (2000). The Index of Individual Case Reports of the Inter-American Commmission on Human Rights: 1994-1999. Am. U. Int’l L. Rev., 16, 353.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/revistajur.2316-753X.v3i75.6544
Enlaces refback
- No hay ningún enlace refback.
Revista Jurídica e-ISSN: 2316-753X
Rua Chile, 1678, Rebouças, Curitiba/PR (Brasil). CEP 80.220-181
