THE (UNBEARABLE?) LIGHTNESS OF SELF-EMPLOYED WORK INTERMEDIATION: THE CASES OF UBER, FOODORA AND AMAZON MECHANICAL TURK IN THE LIGHT OF THE ITALIAN LABOUR LAW

GIONATA GOLO CAVALLINI

Resumo


The paper aims to analyse the legal aspects of “digital work”, as including “work on demand via app” and “crowdwork”, involving, respectively, an “on-demand mobile workforce” and an “on-demand virtual workforce”. The breakout of digital work and the “commodification of labour” jeopardise, together with labour law standards, also the truly founding idea that labour is not a commodity.

Nonetheless, the “challenge” of digital work may constitute an opportunity for further reflections on the development of protective schemes applicable to all human beings who work, regardless of the legal scheme under which they carry out their activities. To verify whether it is useful and possible to search for some protective provisions for digital workers outside statutory employment law, the paper will compare the recent developments of Anglo-American literature and case law with the less open-minded perspective of Italian Law.

The paper will therefore propose try to find out whether it is possible to elaborate some protective schemes for digital workers through the recourse to contract law and self-employed work regulations. Under such regulations, the paper will deal with some critical points (such as the possibility to refuse Amazon Mechanical Turkers’ work without payment, or to “dismiss” an Uber driver for low reputational rates), in order to verify whether outside labour law it is possible to find some protection for digital workers, and, in the affirmative, to what extent.


Palavras-chave


New type of labour relationships; Digital work; Autonomous work; Subordinate work; Labour protection

Texto completo:

PDF (English)

Referências


D. ALBA, Instacart Shoppers Can Now Choose to be Real Employes, in wired.com, 22 June 2015

A. ALOISI, Commoditized Workers: Case Study Research on Labor Law Issues Arising from a Set of “On-Demand/Gig Economy” Platforms, in Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 2016, vol. 37, n. 3, p. 653

L. BARASSI, Il contratto di lavoro nel diritto positivo italiano, Società Editrice Libraria, Milano 1915

B. BERGVALL‐KÅREBORN & D. HOWCROFT, Amazon Mechanical Turk and the Commodification of Labour, in New Technology, Work and Employment, 2014, vol. 29, n. 3, p. 213

A. CALLAWAY, Apploitation in a City of Instaserfs: How The "Sharing Economy" Has Turned San Francisco into a Dystopia for the Working Class,in Monitor, 2016, vo. 22, n. 5, p. 18

M.T. CARINCI, Il contratto d’opera, in G. GITTI, M. MAUGERI, M. NOTARI (Eds.), I contratti per l’impresa, Il Mulino, Bologna 2012, p. 175

M. CHERRY, Beyond Misclassification: The Digital Transformation of Work, in Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 2016, vol. 37, n. 3, p. 577

M. CHERRY & A. ALOISI, “Dependent Contractors” in the Gig Economy. A Comparative Approach, in American University Law Review, 2017, vol. 66, p. 635

A.M. CHIESI, Il tempo del lavoro nel settore della consegna immediata, in IRES/Papers, Collana ricerche n. 10, Milano 1986

I.P. CIMINO, Sospensione dell'account di vendita nel marketplace di ebay, tutela del contratto e della libertà di impresa nel commercio elettronico, in Diritto dell’informazione e dell’informatica, 2011, p. 120

E. DAGNINO, Il lavoro nella on-demand economy: esigenze di tutela e prospettive regolatorie, in Labour Law Issues, 2015, 2, p. 87

W. DÄUBLER, Challenges to labour law, in A. PERULLI (ed.), L’idea del diritto del lavoro. Oggi. In ricordo di Giorgio Ghezzi, Cedam-Wolters Kluwer, 2016, p. 485

G. DAVIDOV, The Status of Uber Drivers: A Purposive Approach, forthcoming in Spanish Labour Law and Employment Relations Journal

C. DEAMICIS, Homejoy Shuts Down after Battling Worker Classification Lawsuits, in recode.net, 17 July 2015

L. DE ANGELIS, I pony express tra subordinazione e autonomia, in G.G. DEODATO, E. SINISCALCHI, Autonomia e subordinazione nelle nuove figure professionali del terziario, Milano 1988, p. 57

D. DEL BIONDO, L’abuso di dipendenza economica nei confronti dei lavoratori autonomi, in M.T. CARINCI (Ed.), Dall'impresa a rete alle reti d'impresa. Scelte organizzative e diritto del lavoro, Giuffrè, Milano 2015, p. 423

F. DENOZZA, Il lavoro nell’impresa neo-liberale, in M.T. CARINCI (Ed.), Dall'impresa a rete alle reti d'impresa. Scelte organizzative e diritto del lavoro, Giuffrè, Milano 2015, p. 65

V. DE STEFANO, The Rise of the “Just-in-Time Workforce”: On-Demand Work, Crowdwork, and Labor Protection in the “Gig Economy”, in Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 2016, vol. 37, n. 3, p. 471

V. DI BELLA, Call center e co.co.pro, in DPL, 2007, p. 1459

D. DI VICO, Foodora, Deliveroo e Just Eat: la vita da pony express hi-tech, corriere.it 15 October 2016

A. DONINI, Il lavoro digitale su piattaforma, in Labour Law Issues, 2015, vol. 1, n. 1, p. 49

G.M. ECKHARDT & F. BARDHI, The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing at All, in hbr.org 28 January 2015

A. FELSTINER, Working the Crowd. Employment and Labor Law in the Crowdsourcing Industry, in Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labour Law, 2011, 32:1, p. 143

M. FORLIVESI, La sfida della rappresentanza sindacale dei lavoratori 2.0, in DRI, 2016, n. 3, p. 664

G. GITTI & G. VILLA, Il terzo contratto. L’abuso di potere contrattuale nei rapporti tra imprese, Il Mulino, Bologna 2008

S. GIUBBONI, Prime osservazioni sul disegno di legge del Governo in materia di lavoro autonomo non imprenditoriale, in Massimario di giurisprudenza del lavoro, 2016, n. 4, p. 244

S.D. HARRIS & A.B. KRUEGER, A Proposal for Modernizing Labor Laws for Twenty-First-Century Work: The "Independent Worker", The Hamilton Project Discussion Paper 2015-10, December 2015

P. ICHINO, Libertà formale e libertà materiale del lavoratore nella qualificazione della prestazione come autonoma o subordinata, in RIDL, 1987, II, p. 70

A. INGRAO, La funzione dei sistemi di feedback nell’era della economia on demand: un problema di subordinazione?, draft paper presented at the 15th International Conference in Commemoration of Professor Marco Biagi, Digital and Smart Work, Modena, Marco Biagi Foundation, 20-21 March 2017

S. KESSLER, The Gig Economy Won’t Last Because It’s Being Sued To Death, in fastcompany.com, 17 February 2015

E. LABELLA, Tutela della microimpresa e “terzo contratto”, in EDP, 2015, n. 4, p. 857

I. LLOYD, Uber Drivers in London: “To Be Or Not To Be” An Employee?, in Computer Law Review International, 2016, n. 6, p. 161

V. MANSHARAMANI, What happens when the sharing economy stops sharing and starts owning?, in pbs.org 4 February 2016

M. MARAZZA, Il mercato del lavoro dopo il caso Atesia. Percorsi alternativi di rientro dalla precarietà, in ADL, 2007, 2, p. 327

A. MARESCA & L. CAROLLO, Il contratto di collaborazione a progetto nel settore call center, in DRI, 2007, 3, p. 675

O. MAZZOTTA, Lo strano caso delle collaborazioni organizzate dal committente, in Labor, 2016, 1/2, p. 7

E. MENEGATTI, A fair wage for workers-on-demand via app, draft paper presented at the 15th International Conference in Commemoration of Professor Marco Biagi, Digital and Smart Work, Modena, Marco Biagi Foundation, 20-21 March 2017

S.C. MOATTI, The Sharing Economy’s New Middlemen, in hbr.org, 5 March 2015

U. MORELLO, Abuso del diritto: la difficile via della concretizzazione, in A. GAMBARO & U. MORELLO (Eds.), Lezioni di diritto civile, Giuffrè, Milano 2013, p. 685

G. MOSCA, Lo sciopero contro Foodora è il sogno infranto della sharing economy, in Wired.it, 11 October 2016

L. NOGLER & U. REIFNER, Life Time Contracts: Social Long-term Contracts in Labour, Tenancy and Consumer Credit Law, Eleven International Publishing 2014

S. O’CONNOR, When your Boss is an Algorithm, in ft.com, 8 September 2016

P. PALAZZO, La prestazione d’opera professionale e l’art. 36 della Costituzione, in RTDPC, 1973, p. 1643

A. PERULLI, Un Jobs Act per il lavoro autonomo: verso una nuova disciplina della dipendenza economica?, in CSDLE, It, 235/2015

A. PERULLI, Il controllo giudiziale dei poteri dell’imprenditore tra evoluzione legislativa e diritto vivente, in RIDL, 2015, I, n. 1, p. 83

A. PERULLI, Economically dependent / quasi-subordinate (parasubordinate) employment: legal, social and economic aspects, European Commission 2003

A. PERULLI, Il lavoro autonomo. Contratto d’opera e professioni intellettuali, Giuffrè, Milano, 1996

J. PRASSL, The Concept of the Employer, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015

J. PRASSL & M. RISAK, Uber, Taskrabbit, and Co.: Platforms as Employers? Rethinking the Legal Analysis of Crowdwork, in Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, vol. 37, n. 3, p. 619

N. RAMPAZZO, Rifkin e Uber. Dall'età dell'accesso all'economia dell'eccesso, in Diritto dell'informazione e dell'Informatica, 2015, II, 6, p. 957

L. RATTI, Online platforms and crowdwork in Europe: a two-step approach to expanding agency work provisions?, draft paper presented at the 15th International Conference in Commemoration of Professor Marco Biagi, Digital and Smart Work, Modena, Marco Biagi Foundation, 20-21 March 2017, forthcoming in Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 2017, vol. 38, n. 3

O. RAZZOLINI, Il ddl sul lavoro autonomo: dalla tutela della dipendenza alla tutela della persona, in nelmerito.com, 6 May 2016

O. RAZZOLINI, La nozione di subordinazione alla prova delle nuove tecnologie, in DRI, 2014, n. 4, p. 974

O. RAZZOLINI & L. CORAZZA, Who is an employer?, in WP C.S.D.L.E. “Massimo D'Antona”.INT – 110/2014

REUTERS, Justiça do Trabalho de MG decide que motorista da Uber não é funcionário da empresa, in globo.com, 24 May 2017

M. ROCCELLA, Manuale di diritto del lavoro, Giappichelli, Torino 2010

A. ROSENBLAT & L. STARK, Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers, in International Journal of Communication, 2016, 10, 3758

F. SAVELLI, «Quattro euro a consegna, contributi e assicurazione infortuni: vi spieghiamo perché paghiamo così», in Corriere.it, 4 November 2016

H. SIMÕES GOMES, Justiça do Trabalho de MG decide que motorista tem vínculo empregatício com Uber, in globo.com, 14 February 2017

P. TOSI, L’art. 2, comma 1, d.gs. 81/2015: Una norma apparente?, in ADL, 2015, 6, p. 1117

T. TREU, Labour Law and Industrial Relations in Italy, 2nd edition, Kluwer Law International, 2007

P. TULLINI, C’è lavoro sul web?, in Labour Law Issues, 2015, vol. 1, n. 1, p. 2

J. WEINBERG, Gig News: Brazilian Judge Finds Uber Driver is Employee, in Onlabor.org, 14 February 2017

M. WEISS, Digitalizzazione: sfide e prospettive per il diritto del lavoro, in DRI, 2016, n. 3, p. 651

D. WOSSKOW, Unlocking the Sharing Economy. An Independent Review, UK Business Ministry, November 2014

M. ZOU, ‘Uberization’ and the Digital Workforce in China: Regulating the Status of Ride-Hailing Drivers, draft paper presented at the 15th International Conference in Commemoration of Professor Marco Biagi, Digital and Smart Work, Modena, Marco Biagi Foundation, 20-21 March 2017, forthcoming in International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21902/rbp.v8i1.4522

Apontamentos

  • Não há apontamentos.




Licença Creative Commons
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional.

Rev. Bras. Prev, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. eISSN: 2317-0158

Licença Creative Commons
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional.