TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: LEGAL AND REGULATORY PATHWAYS FOR TRANSFORMING INDIAN RAILWAYS THROUGH GLOBAL BEST PRACTICES

JOSÉ NORONHA RODRIGUES, SUMANTA BHATTACHARYA, TUSHABA SHINDE, DORA CRISTINA RIBEIRO CABETE

Resumo


Objective: The objective of this article is to examine the legal and regulatory framework governing Indian Railways in order to assess its capacity to support modernization, financial sustainability, safety, digital transformation, and environmental protection. Through a comparative analysis of international railway governance models from countries such as Japan, Germany, China, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Switzerland, the study aims to identify global best practices that can inform regulatory reform in India and contribute to transforming Indian Railways into a competitive, efficient, and sustainable transport system aligned with constitutional principles and international environmental commitments.

Methodology: This study employs a qualitative and doctrinal research methodology, combining legal analysis, policy evaluation, and comparative law. Primary sources include Indian legislation, regulatory instruments, policy documents, and landmark judicial decisions, particularly those related to environmental protection and public accountability, while secondary sources comprise academic literature, government reports, and international institutional publications. A comparative framework is used to analyse global railway models, focusing on governance structures, privatization strategies, regulatory autonomy, safety mechanisms, digitalization, and sustainability policies, in order to identify regulatory gaps and propose context-specific reforms for Indian Railways.
Results: The findings indicate that Indian Railways operates within an outdated and fragmented regulatory framework that limits operational autonomy, discourages private investment, and weakens safety and environmental enforcement. The absence of an independent regulator, politically influenced tariff-setting, financial imbalances caused by cross-subsidization, and slow adoption of advanced technologies undermine efficiency and service quality. Comparative analysis reveals that successful international railway systems rely on regulatory independence, transparent pricing, structured public–private partnerships, strong safety oversight, and legally binding sustainability mandates—elements that remain insufficiently developed or inconsistently implemented within the Indian railway system.
Conclusions: The study concludes that meaningful transformation of Indian Railways requires comprehensive legal and regulatory reform grounded in global best practices and constitutional obligations. Establishing an independent railway regulator, strengthening public–private partnership frameworks, modernizing safety and digital governance, and embedding environmental sustainability within binding legal mandates are essential steps toward creating a future-ready railway system. By aligning regulatory modernization with international standards and India’s climate and development commitments, Indian Railways can evolve into a resilient, efficient, and sustainable transport network capable of supporting long-term economic growth and social connectivity.
Keywords: Public Private Partnership, Railway Privatization, Modernization of Indian Railway, Railway digitalization.
RESUMO
Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o quadro jurídico e regulatório que rege a Indian Railways, de modo a avaliar a sua capacidade para sustentar a modernização, a sustentabilidade financeira, a segurança, a transformação digital e a proteção ambiental. Através de uma análise comparativa de modelos internacionais de governação ferroviária, nomeadamente dos casos do Japão, Alemanha, China, Reino Unido, França, Estados Unidos da América e Suíça, o estudo procura identificar boas práticas globais suscetíveis de orientar reformas regulatórias na Índia e de contribuir para a transformação da Indian Railways num sistema de transporte competitivo, eficiente e sustentável, alinhado com os princípios constitucionais e com os compromissos ambientais internacionais.
Metodologia: O estudo adota uma metodologia de investigação qualitativa e dogmática, combinando a análise jurídica, a avaliação de políticas públicas e o método do direito comparado. As fontes primárias incluem legislação indiana, instrumentos regulatórios, documentos de política pública e decisões judiciais de referência, em 

especial as relacionadas com a proteção ambiental e a responsabilidade pública, enquanto as fontes secundárias abrangem literatura académica, relatórios governamentais e publicações de instituições internacionais. É utilizado um quadro comparativo para analisar modelos ferroviários globais, com enfoque nas estruturas de governação, estratégias de privatização, autonomia regulatória, mecanismos de segurança, digitalização e políticas de sustentabilidade, com o objetivo de identificar lacunas regulatórias e propor reformas ajustadas ao contexto da Indian Railways.
Resultados: Os resultados indicam que a Indian Railways opera num quadro regulatório desatualizado e fragmentado, que limita a autonomia operacional, desencoraja o investimento privado e fragiliza a aplicação das normas de segurança e ambientais. A inexistência de um regulador independente, a definição politicamente condicionada das tarifas, os desequilíbrios financeiros resultantes da subsidiação cruzada e a lenta adoção de tecnologias avançadas comprometem a eficiência e a qualidade do serviço. A análise comparativa demonstra que os sistemas ferroviários internacionais mais bem-sucedidos assentam na independência regulatória, na transparência tarifária, em parcerias público-privadas estruturadas, numa fiscalização rigorosa da segurança e em mandatos jurídicos vinculativos em matéria de sustentabilidade, elementos que permanecem insuficientemente desenvolvidos ou aplicados de forma inconsistente no sistema ferroviário indiano.
Conclusões: O estudo conclui que a transformação efetiva da Indian Railways exige uma reforma jurídica e regulatória abrangente, fundamentada em boas práticas internacionais e nas obrigações constitucionais do Estado indiano. A criação de um regulador ferroviário independente, o reforço dos modelos de parceria público-privada, a modernização da governação em matéria de segurança e digitalização, bem como a integração da sustentabilidade ambiental em normas jurídicas vinculativas, constituem passos essenciais para a construção de um sistema ferroviário preparado para o futuro. Ao alinhar a modernização regulatória com os padrões internacionais e com os compromissos da Índia em matéria de clima e desenvolvimento, a Indian Railways poderá evoluir para uma rede de transporte resiliente, eficiente e sustentável, capaz de apoiar o crescimento económico de longo prazo e a coesão social.
 


Palavras-chave


Public Private Partnership, Railway Privatization, Modernization of Indian Railway, Railway digitalization.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21902/Revrima.v1i51.8214

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